Management Decision Making for Synthesis- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Management Decision Making for Review and Synthesis. Answer: Presentation Harley-Davidson Company is a firm that manages the creation of bikes, save parts, and offer of riding outfits just as authorizing the utilization of its name and trademark by different organizations, for example, those assembling garments which incorporate LOreals line of Harley-Davidson cologne. Change Harleys change came to impact after a drop in its market for the cruisers. This was realized by rivalry from the Japanese organizations just as gathered obligations which were remembered for the companys accounting report. In any case, during the 1980s, the organization was reawakened and got effective because of; chopping down stock and costs thus upgrading quality control. There were improved creation strategies and co-activity among laborers and the administration. Also, interest in new models and hardware prompted a more extensive market for its cruisers. Harleys administrators led a benchmarking to a few Japanese vehicle plants on the Just-In-Time framework, whereby they later changed over their activities to JIt. They thought of a creation booking program referred to as Materials-As-Needed. Instruments and Techniques SWOT investigation investigates a companys qualities, shortcomings, openings, and dangers. Harleys shortcoming was that he falled behind when it came to improving his innovation. In any case, the organization too had a few qualities that outdoed his rivals, he wandered in new items and concocted new models, appealing work of art structures, and improving his designing procedures. Harley distinguished open doors, for example, selling save parts and riding ensembles for the two sexual orientations (Brannen, Miller, Ibrahim, 2012). He additionally authorized the utilization of his name and trademark to different organizations who made garments, gems, and different items. In any case, Harley confronted dangers from his rivals, for example, Honda and BMW who fabricated the two bikes and vehicles, not at all like him who made cruisers as it were. PESTLE examination considers factors influencing Harley which are Political, monetary, social, mechanical, legitimate, and natural perspectives. Harley set aside a long effort to receive new innovations in the production of cruisers. He picks the conventional structures along these lines his bicycles looked antiquated. In a social viewpoint, Harley constructed better representative boss relationship in this manner prompting work fulfillment and worker duty. In a financial perspective, models created by Harley were costly along these lines the clients picked less expensive items from different organizations. Watchmen examination centers for the most part around the contenders. Harley confronted serious contention from Honda and BMW who created the two vehicles and cruisers making him free a few customers. (Schoenberg, Collier, Bowman, 2013). To improve his providing power, Harley improved his circulation organize and joined pre-and after-deals administrations to his customers, which he accepted would expand interest for the bikes. Harley Principle Resources and Capabilities Standard assets decide the limit of a firm. To begin with, money related assets; Harley had his deals to a great extent financed by credits from its budgetary administrations which was later held on its accounting report. Second, physical; the firm buckled down in improving its gear painting structures and offer of extra parts. Thirdly, innovation; Harley had less expertise of innovation whereby he created old-styled bikes. Fourthly, notoriety; the organizations essential clients were maturing and purchased new bicycles less regularly. Finally, HR; the administration buyout in Harley improved representative relationship, and laborers turned out to be progressively dedicated. Suggestions Harley was deserted in embracing the new innovation. He would have been in a situation to adapt to the rising rivalry in the event that he received new innovation. Also, he would think of different substitutes of cruisers as his rivals had done, permitting him to keep up his clients who might have decided on choices from the firm. Thirdly, he would have managed the costs of his items to rival those of his rivals. End Breaking down the organizations qualities, shortcomings, openings, and dangers are basic in deciding the regions to be improved for it to be effective and accomplish its necessary objectives. A PESTLE examination is important to distinguish all the outside elements that would impact the presentation of Harley. Every one of these components are major for the accomplishment of the objectives of a firm and ought not be accepted. References Brannen, D. E., Miller, J. R., Ibrahim, N. A. (2012). HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC. Schoenberg, R., Collier, N., Bowman, C. (2013). Procedures for business turnaround and recuperation: an audit and synthesis.European Business Review,25(3), 243-262.

BMW of Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

BMW of Leadership and Management - Essay Example This report will help the leaders to assess the present and future situating of the organization under the company’s current market examination regarding its qualities, shortcomings, openings, and dangers. The reports additionally features the structure, lead and execution of the company’s HR lastly suggest the key advances that can be taken for additional enhancements identifying with the executives, improvement and usage of authoritative arrangement. ... From the start, there were three organizations named Rapp Motorenwerke, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, and Fahrzeugfabrik. BMW bunch is the German’s biggest vehicle organization. It appeared when these three organizations amalgamated into a solitary car organization set up in 1917, very nearly 90 years back the matter of the organization began with the creation of airplane motors and now in the 21st century, it has extended its business structure the assembling of motors up to the total vehicles. BMW bunch has the most popular and profoundly esteemed brands of the car business named BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce. The head quarter of BMW bunch is available in Munich, Bavaria Germany. The head quarter controls and deals with the general execution of the organization in more than 150 nations (Schlegelmilch, Lehbrink, and Osterroth, 2011, pg 45-54). Size and Ownership The responsibility for organization is in the hands of three work force Stefan Quandt with 17.4% offers, Johanna Quandt wi th 16.7% offers and Susanne Klatten with 12.6% offers (Schlegelmilch, Lehbrink, and Osterroth, 2011, pg 56-67). Since its foundation, BMW bunch has concentrated on the greatness in building and it is the main explanation that it has extended its development and net revenue as contrast and its different rivals. BMW bunch has right around 12 innovative work habitats everywhere throughout the world so as to understand the market slants and make inventive autos as required by the shoppers. The credit of the entirety of its prosperity goes to the R&D and purchaser educated advancements as on normal premise the organization contributes 2300 beats on every vehicle for innovative work. In 2007, BMW bunch wonderfully expanded its deal up to 8%, Rolls-Royce by 26% and Mini by 18% (Schlegelmilch,

First year at University

First year at University Practical Guide on How to Survive First Year at University Home›Tips for Students›Practical Guide on How to Survive First Year at University Tips for StudentsFirst Year at University: Here We Go!For most students, freshers week is a troublesome period: a new place, new people, new life. Anyways, it’s already gone and all you’ve got left of it is a bunch of pretty awesome stories you will probably be telling even to your grandchildren.The first week at university might give you the false impression of a carefree life. Really, there’s not much to worry about during this period. Even if you get some assignments, they are probably due somewhere in October. Because university life hasn’t become real yet, many of you might think that studying is not a good reason to stop partying. I remember my first month at university. The life seemed like a fairy tale to me. If someone told me I’d have to study up till 4 a.m. soon, I wouldn’t believe it. No, no, it’s not going to happ en. Nevertheless, your first year at uni won’t all be like the first week. So, I’ve prepared a list of tips I wish someone had told me back in my days. Hope they’ll make your life easier:Procrastination is your #1 enemyStart preparing the assignments as early as possible. I bet you have heard it a million times already. In most cases, we ignore this advice. Wrong. Spare yourself a trouble of sleepless nights, intolerable pressure, and poor grades. The last night before the assignment is due is the time to get it all polished, but please, never use it to only start preparation.Study on your own or join small stud groupsWhen studying on your own, in peace and quiet, you can ‘digest’ the new material and try to systemize it. To learn a subject more effectively, join a study group. There, you can ask questions, discuss confusing issues, and gain a better understanding of the material you think you already know. Apart from that, study groups give you a chance to teach others, w hich is the best way to discover the gaps in your knowledge and better remember the things you have learnt.Don’t ignore lecture notesMany students fail to keep their lecture notes updated. Usually, people start doing it well, but the notes get more and more sloppy till the end of the semester. If you are one of these students, believe me, you’ll regret it bitterly when the midterms come. So, find a way of keeping your lecture notes in order from the beginning. I personally used to put everything down in a notebook and then copy it into separate documents on my computer. Then I would simply print them off. Many of my groupmates used laptops or voice recorders.Hope this would be helpful. In a nutshell: try to maintain self-discipline. Don’t save important assignments till the last minute, study regularly, and take careful lecture notes. This will help you strike a balance between studying and having fun.

Essay on History of Rap - 1451 Words

History of Rap The most popular and influential form of African-American pop music of the 1980s and 1990s, rap is also one of the most controversial styles of the rock era. And not just among the guardians of cultural taste and purity that have always been counted among rock n rolls chief enemies--Black, White, rock and soul audiences continue to fiercely debate the musical and social merits of rap, whose most radical innovations subverted many of the musical and cultural tenets upon which rock was built. Antecedents of rap are easy to find in rock with other kinds of music. Music is often used to tell a story, often with spoken rhymes over instruments and rhythms. Talking blues, spoken passages of sanctified prose in gospel,†¦show more content†¦Jamaican DJs (DJ Kool Herc has been credited as the first) mixed sounds from several turntables, devices that would become a rap trademark. Although mixing from large sounds systems began to be employed at New York house parties in the 1970s, it d idnt really emerge as a recorded sound until the Sugarhill Gangs Rappers Delight in 1979. While many critics and listeners shrugged the song aside as a fluke novelty hit, the early rap sound--usually composed of slangy, boastful spoken rhymes over basic bass and percussion grooves--continued to spread in the early 80s, due in large part to the efforts of the Sugarhill label itself. Grandmaster Flashs hard-hitting 1982 single, The Message, really stands as raps watershed mark, with a massive impact belied by its relatively modest peak on the pop charts. No longer could rap be ignored as a frivolous microgenre; here was straight up social commentary, reporting from the front lines of the ghetto with more immediacy than almost any newspaper or television broadcast. From its inception, rap indured a lot of hostility from listeners--many, but not all, White--who found the music too harsh, monotonous, and lacking in traditional melodic values. However, millions of others--often, though not always, young African-Americans from underprivileged inner city backgrounds--found and immediate connection with the style. Here was poetry of theShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Rap Music1751 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper will trace the history of rap music (also known as hip-hop). The origins of this music are found in the experiences of urban African Americans during the 1970s. One of the most unique elements of rap music is its vocal style. In 1979, the record â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† by the Sugar Hill Gang defined this style with its use of â€Å"speedy staccato word play and verbal dexterity† (Perkins 11). However, as pointed out by one of rap’s early leaders, Afrika Bambaataa, the true roots of this vocalRead MoreHistory Of Hip Hop And Rap Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesOwen Shields English IV 22 September 2015 The History of Hip-Hop and Rap The controversy of Hip-Hop and Rap being that it is â€Å"only about violence† or â€Å"uninfluential† is one that has been around since the eighties. But is it really all about violence, sex, drugs, or protest? Yes, there are rap groups that only rap about violence, sex, drugs, or protest, but that is a genre called â€Å"trap† music. When mentioning of the original artists in the trap music genre, rappers such as Waka Flocka Flame, GucciRead MorePopular Culture in Rap Music1037 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Comp 1 4/21/12 Popular Culture in Rap Music The history of rap music started in Africa with rhythmic beats using drums. From Africa to the Caribbean islands it came to America and started its influential change on American Music. The first rap song to take flight and make its mark on the up and coming rap culture was the Sugar Hill Gang in 1979. In 1986 rap music finally reached the top of the music charts and was show on MTV for the first time featuring Run-DMC. Continuing to changeRead MoreWomen Of Hip Hop Culture Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesWomen have decided to consume hip hop regardless of the sexism and machismo of their rap artist spouses. Historically, black women who have sex with other women haven’t been recognized in the Black community. Also, the expectations are the same in hip hop culture because men reject lesbians. An example is the murder in 2003 of Sakia Gunn after she declared her lesbian identity to a group of males. We all know that in hip hop culture men predominate and precisely masculine. Wom en can achieve a higherRead MoreRap Music And Its Influence On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, music has been used to express the feelings of people or groups whom may have no other outlet to express themselves. The best example of this occurrence would be the lower class of America’s use of rap music. Rap music started out as a fun variation of disco with the purpose to make people dance and enjoy themselves, but it later transformed into one of the best outlets to express the struggles of poverty in the United States. The genre gained popularity when the song â€Å"RapperRead MoreRap : The Black Community With Vigor And Mass Appeal1534 Words   |  7 PagesRap which originated in Africa was used by storytellers known as Griots, to relay stories about family history or current events, set to the rhythm of a drum. This culture was then brought to the west during the 1600’s when Africans were captured and made slaves in America ( (Mize) Instead of storytellers relaying family history, rap evolved to hidden communication between slaves that were undecipherable by their oppressors. These songs were more about the struggle of the life of a slave, and allRead MoreHow Hip Hop Is Influenced By African Americans And Hispanic Americans909 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent from rap because it also includes elements of pop ,some say it was a beautiful, prideful expression of music, art, and dance from a backdrop of poverty. Since that ignition in a New York City borough, it has inspired people from all across the world to produce this genre of music. However in 2015 Hip-Hop Continues to modernize and change ,these days caucasian rappers have begun to climb the Hip-Hop charts ,and this has spiked controversy all over,some believe that the culture of rap should remainRead MoreCharles Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagestelevision shows. Each rendition of A Christmas Carol provides its own spin, but none a re quite as unique as the â€Å"Epic Rap Battles of History: Donald Trump vs. Ebenezer Scrooge.† This rap battle uses key phrases, symbolism, and the assumption that the viewer is familiar with A Christmas Carol to tell Scrooge’s story with an unmistakably modern twist. A typical Epic Rap Battle of History contains two main characters or groups competing against one another to see who can spew the vilest insults. EpicLLOYDRead MoreHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came1300 Words   |  6 Pagesnot many rap about the need for change. By exploring the change of hip-hop from the civil rights movement to the modern day hip-hop this paper will attempt to show that hip-hop has been grown from a powerful tool of social awareness in to a monster of mass consumption. Annotated Sources. Aldridge Derrick â€Å"Introduction: Hip Hop in History: Past, Present, and Future.† The Journal Of African American History 90.3 (2005): 190-195. Association for the Study of African American Life and History. AldrigeRead MoreThe Music Of The Hip Hop1412 Words   |  6 Pagesbasically a cultural movement that originated in the Suburbs of cities. It was began to evolve in 1970 and in particular by the Americans who of African descent (American Africans) . Rap is a type of singing. It combines the performance of different rap utter words without committing to a particular tune, and rhythm. Rap began in Kingston, Jamaica City at the end of the sixties as a kind new musical was derived from dancehall. It has spread in the United States at the beginning of the seventies in the

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L

Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter L used in chemistry and chemical engineering. List  of Abbreviations Starting With the Letter L l - angular momentum quantum numberL or l - lengthL- - LevorotatoryL - literl - liquidLa - LanthanumLA - Linoleic AcidLA - Lactic AcidLA - Lewis Acid LAE - Lyman Alpha EmitterLAB - Linear Alkyl BenzeneLASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of RadiationLB - Lewis Baselb - poundLBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLC - Liquid CooledLC - Liquid ChromatographyLC - Liquid CrystalLC-MS Liquid Chromatography with Mass SpectroscopyLCB - Long Chain BaseLCP - Le Chateliers PrincipleLCS - Laboratory Control SampleLD - Lethal DoseLD50 - Lethal Dose—50%LDF - London Dispersion ForceLDP - Low-Density PolyethyleneLEOGER - Losing Electron Oxidation/Gaining Electron ReductionLEP - Large Electron-Positron colliderLF - Low FrequencyLFL - Lower Flammable LimitLG - Leaving GroupLGB - Lotte Gas BoilerLH - Low HeatLH - Light HydrocarbonLH2 - Liquid HydrogenLHC - Large Hadron ColliderLHH - Light, Heat, HumidityLi - LithiumLIBS - Laser-Induced Breakdown SpectroscopyLiP - Lithium Poly mer batteryLiq - LiquidLLD - Liquid Level DetectionLLE - Liquid-Liquid EquilibriumLLNL - Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLMA - Low Moisture AbsorptionLME - Liquid Metal EmbrittlementLMH - Liquid HydrogenLN - Liquid Nitrogenln - natural logarithmLNG - Liquid Natural GasLO - Localized OrbitalsLOD - Loss On DryingLOQ - Limit Of QuantificationLOX - Liquid OxygenLP - Liquid PetroleumLP - Liquid PropaneLPA - Liquid Pressure AmplifierLPG - Liquid Petroleum GasLq - LiquidLqd - LiquidLr - LawrenciumLSE - Low Surface EnergyLSD - Lysergic Acid DiethylamideLT - Less ThanLt - lightLT - Low TemperatureLTE - Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium LTG - Liquid To GasLTOEL - Long Term Occupational Exposure LimitLu - LutetiumLUMO - Lowest Unoccupied Molecular OrbitalLV - Low VolatilityLVS - Large Volume SamplerLw - Lawrencium (Changed to Lr)LWC - Light Water ContentLWG - Liquid Water in Grams

Phil History Free Essays

Many of us didn’t know who are we and where we came from. From the quote â€Å"Nothing of me is original. I am the combined effort of everyone I’ve ever known†, it says that we, Filipinos don’t have any original identity, our identity, like the political, social, economical, and cultural that we have today, came up from the colonization of the other country, like Spain, America, and Japan. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the colonization of Spain, America, and Japan, Philippines said to have a vast culture In political, economical, social and cultural. In 7,107 Islands In the Philippines there are different people living with different political, economical, social and cultural approach. In pre-colonization, the system of government decentralized, meaning there is no center government to govern the other small government. The leader of the barbarian is a Data, Confederacy is a Rah, and Sultanate is a sultan. Their Judicial system Is oral, which means, whatever the law imposed by the leader It will be spoken through a messenger. They formed alliances through the process of â€Å"Sandburg†. Some lived near bodies of water, and some lived In the mountains or rest. The lifestyle of the people living near the bodies of water are fishing, boat building, pottery, farming, and so many more, while the people living in the mountains are swished, farming, hunting, gathering, etc. People living before the colonization, have a social strata, first is the imaging and data class, a ruling and warrior class. Second Is the maharaja, a wealthy class. Third Is the Tamaki or freeman, a commoner. Last Is the Labial or Roller, debt peons. People In the pre colonization have a system of writing called Babylon. They also have religion, called minims, they worship anoint/Anita, data and their priest/sees is called Babylon. The Muslims saw Misguidance and Sulk first before the Spaniards came to the Philippines and introduce their religion called Islam, where their God is Allah and prophet is Mohammed All. When the Spanish came to Philippines, their only purpose Is the g’s: God, Gold and Glory. They colonize us in two ways, one is with religion and the other Is with the use of sword. Religion came to victorious. The Spaniards gave us new way to live our life; they also introduce us to their religion, which is Christianity. We, Filipinos at home set up altars in the Hispanic tradition, adorned with Catholic images, flowers and candles. During fiestas, most communities organize church services and religious processions in honor of a patron saint. Also, we inherit the holiday of the Spaniards, for January 1 – New years day, March or April – Seaman Santa also called Holy week, October 31 – November 2 – All saints day and all souls day, December 24 – Niche Buena also known as Christmas Eve, and December 25 – Christmas. They created two governments, one is the central government and the other is the local government. The central government is headed by Governor-General, who is the commander-in-chief, head of an army and navy, he also have veto power, meaning if he seems the law is not good enough, he can nullify or cancel the law. He Is the Vice-Real Patron, and lastly, he Is the president provinces and the leader is called Lacked Mayor, Corrections, which are unified provinces, the leader is Corridors, Pueblo-towns, the leader is Gubernatorial, Cicada, the leader is Mountaintop and Barbarian, the leader is Caber. In the course of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, the friars instructed opulent Baroque-style church edifices. These structures are still found today everywhere across the country and they symbolize the cultural influence of Spain in Filipino life. The opulence of these edifices was clearly visible in the ornate facades, paintings, and sculpture, as well as in the behavioral patterns of the people and in the intricate rituals associated with Roman Catholic churches. While it is true that the Spaniards exploited labor in the construction of the imposing Baroque-style sanctuaries for Roman Catholic worship, it is also true that these same edifices came the means by which Filipino artistic talents and inclinations were expressed. The carpenters, masons, craftsmen, and artisans were mainly Filipinos. In this way, the Roman Catholic Church and religion influenced Filipino architectural and building style, even as the rituals and festivities of the Church influenced Filipino dances, songs, paintings, and literary writings. Through these influences, the Church afforded the Filipinos abundant opportunities for both solemn rites and Joyous festivities and celebrations known as â€Å"fiestas. The services inside the Catholic hurries often spilled out into the thoroughfare in the form of colorful and pageant- filled religious processions in which the rich and the poor participated. Dining, drinking, and merrymaking often followed or accompanied such religious activities. During these feasts, Spanish culinary specialties like â€Å"paella† which means a dish consisting of a mixture of rice, chicken and shellfish, â€Å"razor valerian† which means glutinous rice and chicken cooked in coconut milk, and â €Å"lingua† meaning sautà ©ed ox- tongue usually with mushroom sauce became part of the local table fare. The rites ND feasts served to provide relief from the drudgery of humdrum village existence, to release pent-up social and economic frustrations, or to foster community spirit and unity. With the help of the Americans, Philippines got its independence after the sacrifices they undergo under the Spaniards. After the independence, Americans redistribute the enormous land properties that were given during the Spanish period to the Catholic Church. Even though they redistribute the land, the small farmers didn’t get any land because they can’t prove that they are the owner of that land and they can’t pay the asked price. The lands became the property of large landowners. American General Douglas Mac Arthur landed in Elite, one of the biggest islands in Central Island of the Philippines with 700 vessel and 174 000 army and navy. Since the American led us, the government was divided into three branches: Judiciary, system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of state. It also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes among people. Legislative, the one who make the law or pertaining to the enactment of law. Last is, Executive, the one who enforces the law or have the power to put plans, actions or laws into effect. There are also schools that were built during their time, like the agricultural schools; Philippine Normal University and University of the Philippines. Their medium of instruction was English and the teachers are called Atomies. Also, there were public schools that were open up for the education of the Filipinos. Also, during the introduced to us by the Americans and approximately three hundred thousand Filipinos become protestant. In the economical part, Americans built roads, streets, bridges, and new infrastructures that made movement of products and services more efficient. It also improved the Philippines economy by the development of new industries, increase in agricultural production. In the social part, Filipinos learned to play games, watch movies, new kinds of music introduced to us by Americans, using respectful greetings like â€Å"Magenta magma PDP’ were replaced by merely saying â€Å"Good morning†, â€Å"Paganism’ was replaced by kissing the cheeks of parents and elders as a sign of respect. We lost our sense of â€Å"banish. † Women wear dresses, high- heeled shoes, and a handbag, while men, Suits, polo shirts, ties and Jeans. The Japanese started when they started attacking the Pearl Habit. It is also in the Japanese time, when the Filipinos do the death march from Bataan to San Fernando Pangaea where many of Filipino died. In their occupation, the Japanese introduced to us duck farming, fish breeding, and other influences like removing slippers before entering the house, bonsai planting, and manufacturing farm tools and war weapons. They also taught us origami, their martial art, Judo, and tanning of deer skin. Since the Japanese where here for Just a short period of time, they didn’t leave much of their culture but they change the way things are done in the Philippines. Just like strict curfews was enforced. Even though our country has an identity of our own before the coming of the colonizers, like Filipinos know how to survive and have their own ways to live, they can create things by the use of what they see in their surroundings, but we had been greatly influenced by the country that colonized us. I think that the three countries that colonized us changed our political, economical, cultural and social system of our country. I think our identity today, as Filipinos are mixed from the Spanish, Americans and Japanese influence to us. Our lifestyles that we have now came from different influences of other country to us. Today, some of the Filipinos still do â€Å"banish† in some of the provinces in the Philippines, There are many Spanish influences on Filipino culture. Thousands of Spanish words are load in most Filipino languages. We, Filipinos sometime speak Spanish, when we have simple conversation, like mesa, silly, and many other Spanish words, all over the Philippines. The traditions of the Spanish, their holidays, their religion, and even their government are also the influences of the Spaniards as they colonized our country. The influence of the Spanish, like â€Å"paganism as inkstands† still lives in us or in American influence, â€Å"packaging as pissing† some of the Filipino do this as a respect to the elderly or to their parents. The way of how we dress is also influenced by Spanish and America. We wear coat and tie for going to work, Barron and flapping dress for attending marriage or baptism, and gown or dresses for attending formal parties. We also adopt their government which is the local and central government. We also adopt the system of government of America given to us, the legislative, the Judiciary and the executive. With the help of the American, the agriculture of our country has en improved. How to cite Phil History, Papers

Phil History Free Essays

Many of us didn’t know who are we and where we came from. From the quote â€Å"Nothing of me is original. I am the combined effort of everyone I’ve ever known†, it says that we, Filipinos don’t have any original identity, our identity, like the political, social, economical, and cultural that we have today, came up from the colonization of the other country, like Spain, America, and Japan. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the colonization of Spain, America, and Japan, Philippines said to have a vast culture In political, economical, social and cultural. In 7,107 Islands In the Philippines there are different people living with different political, economical, social and cultural approach. In pre-colonization, the system of government decentralized, meaning there is no center government to govern the other small government. The leader of the barbarian is a Data, Confederacy is a Rah, and Sultanate is a sultan. Their Judicial system Is oral, which means, whatever the law imposed by the leader It will be spoken through a messenger. They formed alliances through the process of â€Å"Sandburg†. Some lived near bodies of water, and some lived In the mountains or rest. The lifestyle of the people living near the bodies of water are fishing, boat building, pottery, farming, and so many more, while the people living in the mountains are swished, farming, hunting, gathering, etc. People living before the colonization, have a social strata, first is the imaging and data class, a ruling and warrior class. Second Is the maharaja, a wealthy class. Third Is the Tamaki or freeman, a commoner. Last Is the Labial or Roller, debt peons. People In the pre colonization have a system of writing called Babylon. They also have religion, called minims, they worship anoint/Anita, data and their priest/sees is called Babylon. The Muslims saw Misguidance and Sulk first before the Spaniards came to the Philippines and introduce their religion called Islam, where their God is Allah and prophet is Mohammed All. When the Spanish came to Philippines, their only purpose Is the g’s: God, Gold and Glory. They colonize us in two ways, one is with religion and the other Is with the use of sword. Religion came to victorious. The Spaniards gave us new way to live our life; they also introduce us to their religion, which is Christianity. We, Filipinos at home set up altars in the Hispanic tradition, adorned with Catholic images, flowers and candles. During fiestas, most communities organize church services and religious processions in honor of a patron saint. Also, we inherit the holiday of the Spaniards, for January 1 – New years day, March or April – Seaman Santa also called Holy week, October 31 – November 2 – All saints day and all souls day, December 24 – Niche Buena also known as Christmas Eve, and December 25 – Christmas. They created two governments, one is the central government and the other is the local government. The central government is headed by Governor-General, who is the commander-in-chief, head of an army and navy, he also have veto power, meaning if he seems the law is not good enough, he can nullify or cancel the law. He Is the Vice-Real Patron, and lastly, he Is the president provinces and the leader is called Lacked Mayor, Corrections, which are unified provinces, the leader is Corridors, Pueblo-towns, the leader is Gubernatorial, Cicada, the leader is Mountaintop and Barbarian, the leader is Caber. In the course of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, the friars instructed opulent Baroque-style church edifices. These structures are still found today everywhere across the country and they symbolize the cultural influence of Spain in Filipino life. The opulence of these edifices was clearly visible in the ornate facades, paintings, and sculpture, as well as in the behavioral patterns of the people and in the intricate rituals associated with Roman Catholic churches. While it is true that the Spaniards exploited labor in the construction of the imposing Baroque-style sanctuaries for Roman Catholic worship, it is also true that these same edifices came the means by which Filipino artistic talents and inclinations were expressed. The carpenters, masons, craftsmen, and artisans were mainly Filipinos. In this way, the Roman Catholic Church and religion influenced Filipino architectural and building style, even as the rituals and festivities of the Church influenced Filipino dances, songs, paintings, and literary writings. Through these influences, the Church afforded the Filipinos abundant opportunities for both solemn rites and Joyous festivities and celebrations known as â€Å"fiestas. The services inside the Catholic hurries often spilled out into the thoroughfare in the form of colorful and pageant- filled religious processions in which the rich and the poor participated. Dining, drinking, and merrymaking often followed or accompanied such religious activities. During these feasts, Spanish culinary specialties like â€Å"paella† which means a dish consisting of a mixture of rice, chicken and shellfish, â€Å"razor valerian† which means glutinous rice and chicken cooked in coconut milk, and â €Å"lingua† meaning sautà ©ed ox- tongue usually with mushroom sauce became part of the local table fare. The rites ND feasts served to provide relief from the drudgery of humdrum village existence, to release pent-up social and economic frustrations, or to foster community spirit and unity. With the help of the Americans, Philippines got its independence after the sacrifices they undergo under the Spaniards. After the independence, Americans redistribute the enormous land properties that were given during the Spanish period to the Catholic Church. Even though they redistribute the land, the small farmers didn’t get any land because they can’t prove that they are the owner of that land and they can’t pay the asked price. The lands became the property of large landowners. American General Douglas Mac Arthur landed in Elite, one of the biggest islands in Central Island of the Philippines with 700 vessel and 174 000 army and navy. Since the American led us, the government was divided into three branches: Judiciary, system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of state. It also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes among people. Legislative, the one who make the law or pertaining to the enactment of law. Last is, Executive, the one who enforces the law or have the power to put plans, actions or laws into effect. There are also schools that were built during their time, like the agricultural schools; Philippine Normal University and University of the Philippines. Their medium of instruction was English and the teachers are called Atomies. Also, there were public schools that were open up for the education of the Filipinos. Also, during the introduced to us by the Americans and approximately three hundred thousand Filipinos become protestant. In the economical part, Americans built roads, streets, bridges, and new infrastructures that made movement of products and services more efficient. It also improved the Philippines economy by the development of new industries, increase in agricultural production. In the social part, Filipinos learned to play games, watch movies, new kinds of music introduced to us by Americans, using respectful greetings like â€Å"Magenta magma PDP’ were replaced by merely saying â€Å"Good morning†, â€Å"Paganism’ was replaced by kissing the cheeks of parents and elders as a sign of respect. We lost our sense of â€Å"banish. † Women wear dresses, high- heeled shoes, and a handbag, while men, Suits, polo shirts, ties and Jeans. The Japanese started when they started attacking the Pearl Habit. It is also in the Japanese time, when the Filipinos do the death march from Bataan to San Fernando Pangaea where many of Filipino died. In their occupation, the Japanese introduced to us duck farming, fish breeding, and other influences like removing slippers before entering the house, bonsai planting, and manufacturing farm tools and war weapons. They also taught us origami, their martial art, Judo, and tanning of deer skin. Since the Japanese where here for Just a short period of time, they didn’t leave much of their culture but they change the way things are done in the Philippines. Just like strict curfews was enforced. Even though our country has an identity of our own before the coming of the colonizers, like Filipinos know how to survive and have their own ways to live, they can create things by the use of what they see in their surroundings, but we had been greatly influenced by the country that colonized us. I think that the three countries that colonized us changed our political, economical, cultural and social system of our country. I think our identity today, as Filipinos are mixed from the Spanish, Americans and Japanese influence to us. Our lifestyles that we have now came from different influences of other country to us. Today, some of the Filipinos still do â€Å"banish† in some of the provinces in the Philippines, There are many Spanish influences on Filipino culture. Thousands of Spanish words are load in most Filipino languages. We, Filipinos sometime speak Spanish, when we have simple conversation, like mesa, silly, and many other Spanish words, all over the Philippines. The traditions of the Spanish, their holidays, their religion, and even their government are also the influences of the Spaniards as they colonized our country. The influence of the Spanish, like â€Å"paganism as inkstands† still lives in us or in American influence, â€Å"packaging as pissing† some of the Filipino do this as a respect to the elderly or to their parents. The way of how we dress is also influenced by Spanish and America. We wear coat and tie for going to work, Barron and flapping dress for attending marriage or baptism, and gown or dresses for attending formal parties. We also adopt their government which is the local and central government. We also adopt the system of government of America given to us, the legislative, the Judiciary and the executive. With the help of the American, the agriculture of our country has en improved. How to cite Phil History, Papers

Project Procurement Management

Question: Discuss about the Project Procurement Management. Answer: Introduction The oil industry is facing considerable challenges for selling their products because the sale point of oil has decreased. The only way for the oil industry to gain profit from their business is to increase their efficiency and reduce the wastage of products. The complexity and the risk of the business have also increased because majority of the oil reserve throughout the world has been discovered and the depletion of the resource can affect the economy of the country. The report discusses about the procurement strategy and the risk associated with the oil and gas project. The strategy implemented for sourcing and outsourcing the resources required for increasing the efficiency of the current business process is also discussed in the report. Procurement strategy Different procurement strategies are applied for the advancement of the business process of the oil and gas industries. Contractual workers took after endorsed practices for straightforward outlines, to convey against cost and time objectives. Engineers having high bar for advancements ought to be decided for running distinctive operation of the business. The engineers are appointed for the calculation of the complexity that can be faced by the organization for improving the efficiency of the current business process (Badiru and Osisanya 2016). For example, the working environment of oil and gas industry is analyzed and the technology that can be implemented for the amplifying the production and reducing the cost of production is required to be selected. The resources that are available in the organization and the resources that are required to be outsourced are gathered. A project schedule is required to be prepared for proper management of the project and assigning the resources to the task. The budget is also required to be prepared for increasing the efficiency of the framework of the current business (Salazar-Aramayoet al. 2013). The project manager is responsible for monitoring the progress of the work and should have good communication skills for communicating with the higher level officials and select the best technology to increase the efficiency of the business. The following structure is required to be followed by the project development team for getting a fruitful result from the oil and gas industry. The choice of the technology is an important factor for the success of the business (Grant 2013). The structures are as follows: Formalizing the checkpoints and phases of the project Aligning the current business needs with the requirement of the project Auditing the progress of the project for elimination of risk associated with the development of the project Creation of a project budget and maintaining the cash flow for the progress of the project. Many oil organizations are justifying their obtainment connections, moving from many shallow connections to less yet more profound ones. For instance, some IOCs are attempting to spend a large portion of their acquirement spending plan with their main 40 merchants, while a couple of years prior that share may have gone to more than 250 organizations (Kelland 2014). Taken in general, these changes could return 5% on cost efficiencies. Acquisition patterns take after cycles, be that as it may, and the push for neighborhood content necessities could part the acquirement pool once more. On the off chance that nearby substance endeavors are to prevail over the long haul, NOCs and other oil and gas organizations should work with neighborhood providers to manufacture a solid establishment of bolster administrations. Better devices can likewise enhance acquirement (Yusuf et al. 2014). One organization reclassified its agreement work breakdown into related contracting modules, permitting it to reassign some temporary worker occupations and spare 13% on products and enterprises (Al Hammadi and Bernard 2016). Worldwide organizations ought to likewise endeavor to oversee providers at the worldwide level and guarantee that they are working with the provider's A group, which includes esteem (and lessens dissatisfaction).Preparation of contact with the stakeholders associated with the project and insuring the final product from any disaster can also increase the efficiency of the oil and gas industry. Strategic sourcing and outsourcing The efficiency of the oil and gas industry can be increased and the cost of operation can be decreased by following some of the business procedures such as outsourcing the technical component required for the oil exploration and sourcing the man power for supervising the business resources. Small companies can be contracted for handling the technical component and suppliers must be appointed for delivering the resources. Outsourcing respects the exchange of merchandise and enterprises generation, already completed inside, to outside suppliers (de Carvalho,Patah and de Souza Bido 2015). The targets of outsourcing concern expenses and capabilities. As respects the previous, outsourcing ?rms go for lessening direct operating costs, although it ought to be noted that cost decreases in the short run are counterbalanced by a reliable cost development because of searching for supplier, setting-up contracts, transferring in-house exercises to the suppliers and managing the progressing contract to maintain a strategic distance from dangers associated with advantage in favor of the outside temporary worker (monitoring, ongoing dealing, authorizing and arrangement of agreement changes, where essential). On account of products, the coordination expenses ought to likewise be incorporated. Different deficiencies are associated with the negative impact on lead and conveyance times and exactness (Ruqaishi and Bashir 2013). As respects abilities, outsourcing ?rms go for spend significant time in center capabilities and substituting non-center skills with contribution from expert suppliers (Yazdani, Ali Soukhakian and Reza Mozaffari 2014). This viewpoint must be precisely dissected by ?rms in their outsourcing choices in view of the dangers they can bring about: on the one side, in the short run, the genuine debilitating of the arrangement of capabilities ?rms have, and, on the opposite side, the undermining to the improvement of new innovative skills later on (Ruck, Plana and Edmunds 2016), so difficult the likelihood of organizing RD, outline and assembling exercises of providers. These two dangers, if brought about, can undermine ?rms' abilities to distinguish criteria to choose and screen the best supplier, and additionally to achieve a worthy concurrence on costs and other legally binding terms: in this way, over the long haul, ?rms are required to confront higher data asymmetry issues (due to their difficulties in surveying their potential suppliers) and, therefore, higher perils of pioneering conduct (Ahiaga-Dagbuiet et al. 2017). Disregarding rising enthusiasm for the openness, inquire about on OI stays awkward in light of the fact that the absence of an acknowledged de?nition of OI prompts to equivocalness (Connicket al. 2014). Surely, writing examinations openness as per alternate points of view; the most researched is the course of openness, yet others were additionally researched: the number/sorts of accomplices and the hierarchical structures to de?ne the connections among partners. As respects the 'bearing of openness', three models develop: the inbound, investigation or outside-in process, through which ?rms go for incorporating outer information and increment their ingenuity; the outbound, misuse or back to front process, through which ?rms go for gaining pro?ts by putting up thoughts for sale to the public, offering IP, and duplicating innovation, to quickly put up thoughts for sale to the public, and the coupled procedure that consolidates the two above procedures. There are suggestions regarding ca pabilities and expenses. As respects abilities, if the obtaining of outer learning is evident for the inbound procedure, it is additionally valid for the outbound procedure in light of the fact that by and large, ?rms remotely uncover their advancements just to evoke cooperation and thoughts trading (Shuen, Feiler and Teece 2014). As respects costs, the inbound procedure suggests obtaining costs, as well as costs associated with the investigation/determination of outside wellsprings of advancement. The outbound procedure suggests costs because of the need to assemble a cognizant methodology to pick what is to be uncovered outside and to put into practice their ability to permit innovations. Supply Risk There are different risk associated with the company if it does not improve its process and the effect of the risk is equally harmful for the society and the environment. Overseeing danger and opportunity is a nonstop procedure that obliges organizations to consider the most widely recognized dangers, as well as to have encounter alleviating surprising occasions. In the oil and gas industry, it's never been more imperative to oversee wellbeing, security and natural dangers, given the rising many-sided quality of operations and the investigation by controllers and partners (Parra and Bono 2016). Identification of the risks and assessment is a nonstop procedure all through a project life cycle and over the venture portfolio, considering a systemic point of view for the project, their stages and important dangers. The oil and gas industry is currently facing problem because most of the oil reserves throughout the world has been discovered and it confront steady difficulties, particularly as far as free market activity. More focus should be given on the supply chain of the oil and gas industries and the industry must supply according to the requirement or demand in the market. Focus must be given on the resource administration and reserving the oil and gas for maintaining the business (Silvestre and Gimenes 2017). Information system must be implemented for maintaining the records of the clients and their demands and their invoice in the current system of the organization. Acquirement and production network techniques can also be implemented in the front line for resolving the basic issues arising in the management of the organizational framework. It also helps in decreasing the production cost and increase the profit percentage of the current system The oil and gas industry is vigorously subject to providers to give complex administrations and basic gear to bolster continuous tasks and operation. Moreover, contract administration and customer relationship administration can collect information for the reputation or the financial damage caused by the supplier. To enhance provider relationship administration, organizations ought to receive a technique for provider benchmarking (Francis 2015). The strength of the oil and gas industry can be increased with collaborating with the other industries and maintaining a transparency in the current business. The uneven production of the oil and gas makes the price of the oil and gas volatile and thus it have an effect on the supply chain. The transaction cost of the produced oil and gas is required to be calculated using the total cost of ownership model and it helps the organization to calculate the exact value of the produced oil and gas (Olaniran et al. 2015). The cost model is used for the calculation of different expenses of the company related with the supplier. On account of the TCO advance it is more reasonable for long term sustainability and basic resources serious gear), the distinctive expenses, consists of securing expenses, operation and support expenses, are touched base at before picking the correct provider at the focused cost. Most of the oil and gas companies have embraced measures, for example, the TCO and cost models, but all the oil and gas industries are required to be using the model for proper calculation of the production and transaction cost (Bergh et al. 2014). The areas of the supplier relationship management is required to be analyzed and shrewd approach is required to be applied for determining the influence for deciding the correct contracting and acquisition procedure. Despite the fact that innovation is oiling and gas organizations to discover and separate more oil, the supply chain network is required to be considered and the procure management that give extra genuine esteem. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks can be applied in the business information system for analyzing the supplier and manage the supply chain easily (Williams, Kilanski and Muller 2014). These ERP frameworks ought to oblige request estimating, stock administration, contractual worker administration, e-obtainment and ace information administration. Request determining or combination of the demand with the production is an important factor for increasing the efficiency of the current supply chain of the oil and gas industry. ERP frameworks with an oil and gas framework oriented design can be used for managing the supply chain of network and keeping track on the organizational assets used in the oil and gas industry (Ablo 2015). There has been an outlook change in the procedure that the oil and gas organizations had grasped such as; e-acquisition and demonstrated enthusiasm for e-obtainment frameworks. Indeed, even with the application of the best-in-class production network measures and frameworks, it is believed, without a group of opportune individuals, best-in-class store network rehearse can't be maintained, nor can the full advantages of inventory network truly be delighted in. Likewise with some other industries, oil and gas industries additionally needs redefine its thinking procedures and find the deficiency of production network and acquisition ability because of a maturing workforce and developing aptitude deficiencies(Olaniran et al. 2015). A portion of the measures that can be viably received are preparing and prepping of ability in basic store network capacities, foundation of an inventory network focus of magnificence and industry/the scholarly world joint effort to support production network ability. To enhance and convey best-in-class inventory network hones, IOCs/NOCs can adjust or potentially execute a portion of the down to earth measures recorded beneath: Understand the aggregate estimation of major spend classifications. This requires altogether recognizing expenses and choices over the production network for every class and deciding suitable mediations (e.g., looking for new provider, evolving determinations, changing contract terms). Building custom-fit acquirement forms which have better lucidity and connect with providers ahead of schedule simultaneously (Francis 2015). In addition, complete to implementation and operation. Managing chances over the whole expense associated with the production of oil and gas and the individual activities or items, or expenses related with the operation. Proactive dealings with the supplier and selection of applicable providers, concentrating on the manageability and arrangement and providing guarantee to the organization proprietorship and responsibility is required to be clear to providers (Ablo 2015). Automation of the organizational framework capacities is required for increasing the efficiency of the current production and minimizes the wastage of the resources. The resources must be utilized for increasing the productivity and the automation of the system reduces the changes of errors in the system. Going ahead, it is understood that, despite the fact that a portion of the inventory network best practices have streamed through the oil and gas industry, there is dependably scope for further change. Better request arranging and upgraded stock administration can help oil and gas organizations keep up oil and gas gear uptime, and thus advantage from enhanced profitability(Silvestre and Gimenes 2017). Enhanced spend classification administration and shared provider relationship administration, combined with expanded automation of exchange handling, prompts to sourcing reserve funds and distinguishing proof of optional sparing open doors. We trust that the organization of inventory network best practices, combined with the usage of a solid programming arrangement, is the route forward for oil and gas organizations to decrease expenses, and concentrate on oil and gas generation and investigation in the most improved way. It will be truly intriguing to perceive how oil and gas organizations can viably oversee nearby substance sourcing joined with the reception of best-in-class inventory network hones in 2017. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that analyzing the procurement strategy for the oil and gas company can help the company to choose the best strategy. The implemented strategy is required to be aligned with the current business process of the organization and the risk associated with the implementation of the strategy is required to be analyzed. The risk can arise in the oil and gas companies are documented in the report, the risk mitigation strategies are also documented which helps the organization to face multifaceted challenges. A good project management skill is required for the management of the risk and maintain a sustainable growth for the organization. References Ablo, A.D., 2015. Local content and participation in Ghana's oil and gas industry: Can enterprise development make a difference?.The Extractive Industries and Society,2(2), pp.320-327. Ahiaga-Dagbui, D.D., Love, P.E., Whyte, A. and Boateng, P., 2017. Costing and Technological Challenges of Offshore Oil and Gas Decommissioning in the UK North Sea.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, p.05017008. Al Hammadi, N. and Bernard, J.P., 2016. Key Performance Indicators for Assessing Project Peformance in the Oil and Gas Industry of the United Arab Emirates. Badiru, A.B. and Osisanya, S.O., 2016.Project management for the oil and gas industry: a world system approach. CRC Press. Bergh, L.I.V., Hinna, S., Leka, S. and Jain, A., 2014. Developing a performance indicator for psychosocial risk in the oil and gas industry.Safety science,62, pp.98-106. Connick, S., Pedroni, P.M., Terry, S., Nguessan, L., Johnston, M. and Romer, R.F., 2014, March. A Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Management Framework for the Oil and Gas Sector. InSPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment. Society of Petroleum Engineers. deCarvalho, M.M., Patah, L.A. and de Souza Bido, D., 2015. Project management and its effects on project success: Cross-country and cross-industry comparisons.International Journal of Project Management,33(7), pp.1509-1522. Francis, A., 2015. Analyzing the Environmental Impact Assessment Process for Sustainable Development of the Oil and Gas Industry in Trinidad and Tobago. Grant, R.M., 2013. The development of knowledge management in the oil and gas Industry/El desarrollo de la direccindelconocimientoen la industria del petroleo y gas.Universia Business Review, (40), p.92. Kelland, M.A., 2014.Production chemicals for the oil and gas industry. CRC press. Olaniran, O.J., Love, P.E.D., Edwards, D.J., Olatunji, O. and Matthews, J., 2015. Chaotic Dynamics of Cost Overruns in Oil and Gas Megaprojects: A Review.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering,9(7), pp.911-917. Parra, G. and Bono, R., 2016. Modularization of Electrical Systems in the Oil and Gas industry in the North Slope of Alaska.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Ruck, P., Plana, J.O.L. and Edmunds, P., 2016, April. Sharing Information on Oil and Gas Activity in Marine Environments Using the IPIECA Marine Geospatial Bibliography. InSPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Ruqaishi, M. and Bashir, H.A., 2013. Causes of delay in construction projects in the oil and gas industry in the gulf cooperation council countries: a case study.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(3), p.05014017. Salazar-Aramayo, J.L., Rodrigues-da-Silveira, R., Rodrigues-de-Almeida, M. and de Castro-Dantas, T.N., 2013. A conceptual model for project management of exploration and production in the oil and gas industry: The case of a Brazilian company.International Journal of Project Management,31(4), pp.589-601. Shuen, A., Feiler, P.F. and Teece, D.J., 2014. Dynamic capabilities in the upstream oil and gas sector: Managing next generation competition.Energy Strategy Reviews,3, pp.5-13. Silvestre, B.S. and Gimenes, F.A.P., 2017. A sustainability paradox? Sustainable operations in the offshore oil and gas industry: The case of Petrobras.Journal of Cleaner Production,142, pp.360-370. Williams, C.L., Kilanski, K. and Muller, C., 2014. Corporate diversity programs and gender inequality in the oil and gas industry.Work and occupations,41(4), pp.440-476. Yazdani, A., Ali Soukhakian, M. and Reza Mozaffari, M., 2014. Evaluation of critical success factors in total quality management implementation and prioritization with AHP-case study: Pars Oil and Gas Company.European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings,2(3 (s)), pp.pp-1624. Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., Dauda, M., El-Berishy, N.M. and Cang, S., 2014. A relational study of supply chain agility, competitiveness and business performance in the oil and gas industry.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.531-543.

Personal Narrative Example Essay Sample free essay sample

It was a chilly. fall forenoon in 2011. My household and I were merely get downing to pack up our material and carry the bags to the new wave. Since we were traveling to Hawaii. on history of my stepdad being in the ground forces. we had to travel rapidly so that we’d make our 10 am flight on clip. As I walked back into the hotel room I made certain to catch my bag and notebook to set in the new wave. while my ma got herself and my siblings ready to travel. Very easy I opened the door to go forth the room and trudged down the hallway. towards the issue door off the edifice. while my brown ponytail bouncinesss with every measure. Once outside I began to set my properties in the vehicle when something traveling in the murky. swamp H2O caught my attending and pulled at my wonder until I stood in forepart of the fencing. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Narrative Example Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I leaned my face on the cold metal of the barbed wire fencing I saw four eyes looking at me. Those eyes belonged to two alligators that were get downing to swim towards me. This had me so petrified that I ran like a human detesting cat to the new wave. Immediately I jumped into the driver place. slammed the door. and locked up the auto until my parents and siblings walked out of the hotel. Quickly. I coolly unlocked the door and waited for our going towards the airdrome. which felt like forever. â€Å"We’re here! † shouts my female parent as we pull up to the forepart of the air hoses. It was really a small exciting. but when we went through all of the security cheques I began to acquire really nervous and disquieted. I will acknowledge that it was really nerve fazing with all of those cheques because cipher would desire to happen out that a individual nearby has bombs and arms on manus. This though is worried me profoundly until we came across the bird train. Once on the train my female parent and four siblings sat on a place while my pa and I stood up and held on to a metal saloon. The saloon was connected from the floor to the ceiling to forestall falling. Sadly. I repeatedly lost my balance and tumbled down on my twelve-year-old sister. Melena. and swatted her in the face with my hair. She was really thankful when the train had stopped and I couldn’t say that I blamed her. Anyways. shortly after we got off the train we all headed to the nutrient tribunal draging behind one another. When we got there we went directly to McDonalds. ordered our nutrient. and ate for approximately 15 proceedingss. Then after we finished we went upstairs to travel delay for the plane in the waiting Lodge. I remember looking at such cunning small pictures lined up on the walls. one after the other. outside of the public toilets. They had painted by simple childs from different schools on the mainland. Soon after the bathroom interruption we walked down the hall to the waiting Lodge. I ended up falling asleep in the maroon colored chair.â€Å"Come on. Sierra. † . Melena said as she shook me and pulled out my earphones. Since I hated when she pulled out my earphones I was approximately to talk her. which was until she told me the plane had arrived and that we had to acquire up. As I put the iPod in my pocket and replaced it with my ticket I all of a sudden became more frightened to go forth the province of Georgia than a Canis familiaris is of electrical storms. Mutely. I gave the adult females outside the entryway my ticket and felt my spinal column making dance moves under my tegument. The feeling was really confounding. about like a mix of sad. scared nervous. excited. and hesitating. As I climbed on board of the plane my fortune and exhilaration flew out the window existent quick. For starting motors alternatively of sitting with my household I was stuck being seated following to random cat who appeared to be in his early twenty’s. This cat was genuinely unusual and annoyed me before the plane even took off by gazing at me. giving off fun facts about travel. and saw wooding truly loud following to my face. It was at those minutes when I thought to myself â€Å"This is traveling to be a long flight! † Then without vacillation the plane took away and we were airborne. Once we were in the air my ears began to do a ‘Ringing’ sound so I grabbed a piece of gum from my pa and allow the minty spirit devour my oral cavity while it drowned out the pealing with its loud ‘Pop’ sounds. All was good until I realized how high up we were a nd so my panic onslaught began. For about the first 25 proceedingss of the flight I was hyperventilating. but so I calmed down. When I was eventually chilled I put on the film Rio and listened to a vocal by JustinBieber on the iPod. In all honesty the fright I had all of a sudden seemed to melt off into the ‘Whoosh’ sound of the plane picking up velocity in the windy conditions. I guess it can be said that I adapted to the flight at a slow. but nice rate ( though it was largely because the annoying cat next to me eventually managed to kip in silence for a few hours ) . Although. I had a panic onslaught like a brainsick psycopath the plane trip didn’t seem so bad and in fact I ended up basking myself. Even though the flight took around 16 hours I managed to remain occupied. I did so by watching films. choping into the planes Wi-Fi. playing on the iPod. and playing games I downloaded to my laptop. My biggest enjoyment of the flight was the alleviation I felt when I realized that the plane was traveling to drop out of the sky like the Titanic in the ocean. After the full 16 hours on the plane ended we eventually arrived at the Hawaiian airdrome. Immediately I leaped out of my place and hurried to acquire my material and acquire off. Amusing thing about planes. though. is how the riders must be seated the full clip so when I hastily got up my legs felt asleep and I kept faltering like a rummy down the aisle. It was rather humourous. As petrified. as I was the feeling in my tummy had settled I was left want that the trip wasn’t over. Now. one time I had my material tightly gripped in my manus and managed to stabilise my walking I walked towards the issue. As I was go outing I took my clip mounting down the stairss and took one last expression at my yesteryear and so into my hereafter. Not merely to travel to the Ohana Airport Hotel with my household until we moved into military lodging. but to my personal hereafter and what would go of it. That. my friend. is how my first trip to Hawaii went and I discovered true panic and a sense of pleasant security.

Biography of Nicolaus Otto and the Modern Engine

Biography of Nicolaus Otto and the Modern Engine One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine- the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Otto built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the Otto Cycle Engine, and when he completed his engine, he built it into a  motorcycle. Born: June 14, 1832Died: January 26, 1891 Ottos Early Days Nicolaus Otto  was born the youngest of six children in Holzhausen, Germany. His father died in 1832 and he began school in 1838. After six years of good performance, he moved to the high school in  Langenschwalbach  until 1848. He did not complete his studies but was cited for good performance. Ottos main interest in school had been in science and technology but, nevertheless, he graduated after three years as a business apprentice in a small merchandise company. After completing his apprenticeship he moved to Frankfurt where he worked for Philipp Jakob Lindheimer as a salesman, selling tea,  coffee, and sugar.  He soon developed an interest in the new technologies of the day and began experimenting with building four-stroke engines (inspired by Lenoirs two-stroke gas-driven internal combustion engine). In late autumn of 1860, Otto and his brother learned of a novel gas engine that  Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir  had built in Paris.  The brothers built a copy of the Lenoir engine and applied for a patent in January 1861 for a  liquid-fueled  engine based on the Lenoir (Gas) engine with the Prussian Ministry of Commerce but it was rejected. The engine ran just a few minutes before breaking. Ottos brother gave up on the concept resulting in Otto looking for help elsewhere. After meeting Eugen Langen, a technician, and owner of a sugar factory, Otto quit his job, and in 1864, the duo started the worlds first engine manufacturing company N.A. Otto Cie (now DEUTZ AG, Kà ¶ln). In 1867, the pair were awarded a Gold Medal at the Paris World Exhibition for their atmospheric gas engine built a year earlier. Four-Stroke Engine In May 1876,  Nicolaus  Otto built the first practical four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. He continued to develop his four-stroke engine after 1876 and he considered his work finished after his invention of the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Ottos patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to  Alphonse  Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine. However, Otto built a working engine while Roaches design stayed on paper. On October 23, 1877, another patent for a gas motor engine was issued to Nicolaus Otto, and Francis and William Crossley. In all, Otto built the following engines: 1861 A copy of Lenoirs atmospheric engine1862 A four-cycle compressed charge engine (prior to Rochass patent) which failed as it broke almost immediately1864 The first successful atmospheric engine1876 The four-stroke compressed charge engine which is acknowledged as the Otto cycle engine. The term Otto cycle is applied to all compressed charge, four cycle engines.

Analyze a short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze a short story - Essay Example Lovers of a time, the two enthusiasts are coincidently united on a stormy day and in the absence of either’s family. The isolation gives way to long hidden desires and paves the way of exploration for the two. Through this paper we will explore the depth of characters, reflecting on the subject of sexuality and the way sexuality affects one’s life, and will relate sexuality to the theme of the story. Kate Chopin reveals the main character – that of Calixta – as nervous, weak and family-oriented. She is represented as a devoted wife staying home and doing the usual chores a woman is supposed to do. Unaware of the impeding storm she is sewing by the window - ‘She sat at a side window sewing furiously on a sewing machine’ – which we can conclude with the idea that she makes her effort to keep her home in a good state. We can also deduce that the woman was sexually constrained, since she was doing all the house chores an oppressed woman is stereotyped with; ‘She hastened out to gather them (the clothes) before the rain fell’. Chopin further affixes the idea of sexuality which had not been explored to a considerable extent in contemporary times. Women were taken to be as beings with no sexual desires and mere fulfillers of their partner’s yearnings. ... Despite all odds, Calixta made love out of the isolation she was pushed into and out of the love she possessed for a man, in the backdrop of the furious storm; ‘He looked down into her eyes and there was nothing for him to do but gather her lips in a kiss’. Chopin highlights the not-to-talk-of issue of female sexuality and very cleverly unties its knots from that of erotica. What may seem as an illicit lovemaking between two sensual creatures, actually veils the underlying meaning and feelings behind the act. At a time when her family was out in the furious storm, Calixta had taken refuge from the worry in the arms of an old-time lover. The concern had been such great that she went down with the flow of the presiding situation, disheveling her heart through her hidden desires. This clearly moves the reader to believe that women have desires too – and that was what actually Chopin had tried to convey. The sentence that ‘Calixta nervously began to gather up fr om the floor the lengths of a cotton sheet’ asserts that the air was tense and that Calixta’s nervousness had something to do with Alcee’s presence. Earlier everything was just ‘fine’ but after Alcee’s presence it became nervous. This, we may assume as Calixta’s effort to suppress feelings for Alcee, making her nervous. The character of Alcee is a representation of a decent man with natural desires. He had been forced to move inside the house of Calixta which he had not really desired, while the rain fell in sheets. ‘May I come over and wait on your gallery till the storm is over, Calixta?’ he had asked. The circumstances led the way for his desires resurfacing and what followed eventually was an array of mixed feelings. He had not only loved

Rhetorical analysis essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rhetorical analysis essay - Assignment Example In his commencement address to the graduating class of 2005 at the Stanford University, Steve Jobs strives to uphold his argument that one should pursue their dreams without allowing challenges to stop them (â€Å"Stanford University† 1). Steve Jobs tells three stories of his life to convince the students to focus on their dreams and disregard all challenges, which would stop them. He told the students to use such challenges as opportunities to achieve more. The address focuses on three stories that would have prevented Steve Jobs from achieving his dreams but instead he used them as stepping stones to learn and record huge success in technology. Steve Jobs derives various arguments in the three stories regarding the family challenges at his childhood, professional challenges at his workplace, and health challenges from his diagnosis with cancer (â€Å"Stanford University† 1). In establishing his argument, Steve Jobs uses different rhetorical strategies and establishes his credibility to convince the target audience on the need to focus on one’s goals and use challenges as opportunities to succeed in life. For us to understand the intentions of Steve Jobs in developing an\d utilizing his argument on TED Talk during the commencement address at the Stanford University, we must analyze the target audience, apparent purpose of the argument, and the context where the argument occurred. Steve Jobs argues that challenges will always be there in our pursuit for success but we should always maximize the challenges and treat them as opportunities to achieving our dreams. The context of Steve Jobs’ argument emanates from his personal experiences where he faced many challenges before making immense contributions in modern technology. Moreover, various statistics showing how graduates lose their dreams after facing serious challenges in life developed the context of his argument. Moreover, the fact that Steve Jobs never graduated from college and the idea of

Harmonics In Domestic Power Consumption Engineering Essay

Harmonics In Domestic Power Consumption Engineering Essay The objectives of this project are to design a model in Matlab/Simulink of a Domestic power system. The model represents a domestic power source and load that contains both linear and non-linear devices. It will be a time-based model which means these devices will be switched ON and OFF at various timings. Means of monitoring the voltages and currents responses are also added to this model and they are discussed in the results discussion part of this report. Finally, harmonic filters are added to the power system and their influence in reducing the harmonics content is observed. The approach taken for this project was to study the methods of simulation using Simulink and the examples related to Harmonics provided by this program. After that, a survey of Non-linear devices was conducted to observe the harmonics effects and to measure the values of the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and current amplitudes of the odd orders of the harmonics (i.e. 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonics and so on) of each device using a power quality meter. After completion of the survey, the measurements were added to the model and simulation of the power system is conducted. The results showedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Acknowledgements Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background Power system quality has become a major concern for both the power supplier and the end-user especially with the various aspects of power quality disturbance. The impact of harmonics on the modern power systems in specific has become a serious issue to the electrical power utilities and to the costumers as it may cause huge economic losses. The impact of harmonic distortions on domestic power systems can be categorized to two categories: impact on the electrical power utilities of the power supplier and impact on the customer equipment and devices. From the power suppliers prospective, harmonic distortion may harm their major components like transformers, overhead transmission lines and cables. It might cause a reduction in the components lifetime and hence cause economic losses to the power supplier due to maintenance and reinstallation. This, in turn, will increase the system losses and as a result will reduce the efficiency of the power plant. From costumers prospective (residential area or domestic load in this case), a distorted domestic power system will affect the equipment and the devices that are being used. Harmonic distortion may cause them to overheat and reduces their lifetime. As a result, an increase in the electricity bills and economic losses to the customer may occur. The aim behind this project is to have a full understanding about non-linear domestic loads that exist in current residential power systems and their contribution to harmonic distortions. This project consists of a survey of measurements from a number of selected non-linear devices that may have an effect in the domestic power system in term of harmonics. After collecting these measurements, the distortion level will be compared to the international standards and a model will be designed in Simulink to represent the harmonics effect of these non-linear devices and then adding harmonic filters to mitigate their effect. Problem Definition The harmonics distortion produced by the non-linear devices in the domestic load can cause negative impacts on the domestic power system. Both the utilities and the customers are affected economically. Objectives Measuring and evaluating the harmonics that are produced by non-linear devices available in todays domestic loads than model them on Simulink. After that, further analysis and investigation for a solution to this harmonic distortion is to be done. Scope and Limitations This project will be focusing on the domestic loads that are connected to domestic power systems. It will only look into a specific power quality issue, which is harmonics and will disregard any other types of power quality disturbance. For this reason, the mitigation technique to reduce the total harmonic distortion will be considered is a passive harmonic filter. Report organization The final report consists of six chapters which are divided into sections and subsections for a better explanation of the contents of this report. Chapter one discusses about the background of the project and explains briefly the impacts of the harmonics on the utilities and the customers and the relationship between harmonics and the economic losses. It also defines the problem, the objectives and the scope and limitations to this project. Chapter two covers the literature review of research topic. It includes a proper definition of harmonics and lists their effects on power systems in terms of technical and economic losses. Moreover, the chapter gives information about harmonic sources and the available mitigation techniques that can be used to reduce the harmonics distortion. Chapter three is about the practical and experimental work that has been done. It will discuss how the measurements and the evaluation of the harmonic distortion have been done and the equipment that were used. It will also include a subsection about the modelling part of the project and the blocks that were used in Simulink. Chapter four will discuss the results acquired from the experimental work and briefly compare the harmonic distortion of the non-linear devices and the international standard. Chapter five is about conclusion and implications of the project. It includes a final discussion, a conclusion and recommendation for further work or issues to be pursued. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Power Quality disturbances can be defined as any power disturbance that will lead to voltage, current or frequency fluctuation that result in failure or misoperation of customer equipment. Power quality is considered to be a very important factor due to the fact that power is a part of our daily lives and any interruption or disturbance may cause into several problems such as data corruption, equipment damage, and data transmission errors and reduce equipment life. All these problems can result in huge economic losses to both the utility and the customers. There are several types of power quality disturbances as listed below [4]: Harmonics Transients Short-Duration Voltage Variations Long-Duration Voltage Variations Voltage Imbalance Waveform Distortion Voltage Fluctuation Power Frequency Variations This project will focus on one of the most important power quality disturbances which are harmonics. Harmonics are important to be analyzed as they occur in the industrial loads, residential loads and also in the utility. Analyzing harmonics will help to design a more stable system by applying the appropriate mitigation techniques that reduce harmonics. 2.2 What is Harmonics? A harmonic is a component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental power line frequency 50-60 Hz. Total harmonic distortion is the contribution of all harmonic frequency currents to the fundamental [5]. http://referencedesigner.com/books/si/images/fouriertransform.png 2.3 What is Inter-Harmonics? Inter-harmonics are additional frequencies which are not an integer of the fundamental frequency that can be observed between the harmonics of the power frequency voltage and current. It appears as discrete frequencies or as a wide-band spectrum and can be found in power systems of all voltage classes [1]. There are different sources of inter-harmonic waveform distortion such as static frequency converters, cyclo-converters, induction motors, arching devices and power line carrier signals. The corresponding effects of these inter-harmonics are affecting power line carrier signalling and induce visual flicker in display devices such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) [1]. 2.4 Harmonic Effects Harmonics have many impacts on the electrical systems and equipment that it may cause overheating for some of the system components which will result in power losses that may decrease the life time of the components which means high economic losses for the utilities. Also if a consumer is having distorted waveforms, it will affect the life time of the equipment therefore again more losses for the consumer as well. Bottom line, harmonics impact is a chain reaction each problem will lead to many other problems [1]. Harmonics cause problems both on the supply system and within the insulation which can be summarized into the following [7]: Overloading of Neutrals: When the loads are not balanced, only the net out of balance current flows in the neutral. Installers (with the approval of the standards authorities) have taken advantage of this fact by installing half-sized neutral conductors. However, although the fundamental currents cancel out, the harmonic currents do not in fact those that are an odd multiple of three times the fundamental, the triple-N harmonics, add in the neutral [8]. 2. Effects on Transformers Transformers are affected in two ways by harmonics. Firstly, the eddy current losses increase at full load with the square of the harmonic number. This results in a much higher operating temperature and a shorter life time. Fortunately, few transformers are fully loaded; however the effect must be taken into account when selecting plant. The second concern is the triple-N harmonics. When reflecting back to a delta winding they are all in phase, which leads the triple-N harmonics to get trapped and circulate in the delta winding and does not get absorbed onto the supply. However, the non-triple-N harmonics can pass through the delta connection winding. The circulating current has to be taken into account when rating the transformer [4]. 3. Nuisance Tripping of Circuit Breakers Residual current circuit breakers (RCCB) operate by summing the current in the phase and neutral conductors if the result is not within the rated limit, disconnecting the power from the load. Nuisance tripping can occur in the presence of harmonics for two reasons. Firstly, the RCCB device may not sum the higher frequency components correctly and therefore trips. Secondly, the kind of equipment that generates harmonics also generates switching noise that must be filtered at the equipment power connection. The filters normally used for this purpose have a capacitor from line and neutral to ground, which might lead into current leakage to ground [4]. 4. Power Factor Correction Capacitors Power-factor correction (PFC) capacitors are provided in order to draw a current with a leasing phase angle in order to compensate for the lagging current that is drawn by the inductive loads such as induction motors. The impedance of the PFC capacitor reduces as the frequency increases, while the source impedance is generally inductive and increases when the frequency increases. As a result, the capacitor is likely to carry high harmonic currents which may lead to it getting damaged, unless it has been specifically designed to with stand that high amount of current [4]. 5. Skin Effect The skin effect is said to happen when the alternating current tends to flow on the outer surface of a conductor. Skin effect is normally ignored as its effect is minor at power supply frequencies. However at above about 350Hz which occurs at the seventh harmonic and above, the skin effect will become significant and will be taken into consideration. As it will be causing additional losses and heating [4]. 6. Induction Motors Harmonics may affect the induction motors in a way that the harmonics may induce a flux to the rotor in an opposite direction to the rotor rotation which will reduce the motor efficiency also harmonics may increase the eddy current in the rotor which therefore will increase heat dissipation [9]. 7. Zero-Crossing Noise Many electronic controllers detect the point at which the supply voltage crosses zero volts to determine when loads should be turned on. This is done because switching inductive loads at zero voltage does not generate transients which may lead into reducing electromagnetic interference and stress on the semiconductor switching devices [9]. 8. Harmonic Problems Affecting the Supply When a harmonic current is drawn from the supply it gives rise to a harmonic voltage drop proportional to the source impedance at the point of common coupling (PCC) and the current. Since the supply network is generally inductive, the source impedance is higher at higher frequencies. Of course, the voltage at the PCC is already distorted by the harmonic currents drawn by other consumers and by the distortion inherent in transformers, and each consumer makes an additional contribution [9]. 2.5 Sources of Harmonics Different non-linear loads produce different but identifiable harmonic spectra. This makes the task of recognizing the harmonics that are produced from those loads easier. Utilities and users of electric power have to become familiar with the signatures of different waveform distortions produced by specific harmonic sources. This will help us figure out better mitigation methods in order to reduce the harmonics produces from the source. This will reduce the harmonics penetration to the electrical power system. At the development of power electronic switching devices, harmonic current propagation was looked at from the perspective of design and operation of power apparatus devices with magnetic iron cores, like electric machines and transformers. At that time the main source of harmonics must have involved substation and customer transformers operating in the saturation region. Harmonics are the by-products of modern electronics. They occur frequently when there are large numbers of personal computers (single phase loads), uninterruptible power supplies(UPSs), variable frequency drives (AC and DC) or any electronic device using solid state power switching supplies to convert incoming AC to DC. Non-linear loads create harmonics by drawing current in abrupt short pulses, rather than in a smooth sinusoidal manner [1]. All variable frequency drives cause harmonics because of the nature of the frontend rectifier design. The 6-pulse rectifier is the standard power circuit elementary configuration for most pulse width modulated variable frequency drives with Diode Bridge rectifiers sold in the marketplace today. Harmonics are generated by non-linear loads, and can be divided into [1]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Saturable Devices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Arcing Devices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power Electronics 2.5.1 Saturable Devices Saturable devices are devices which operate under steady state conditions (constant voltage and current). Examples of saturable devices are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transformers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rotating Machines 2.5.2 Arcing Devices Arcing devices are devices that consume high amount of current such as lighting ballasts, arc furnaces, welding machines and fluorescent lamps. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ lighting ballasts Electronic lighting ballasts have become popular in recent years because of the overall improved efficiency. The light level can be maintained over an extended lifetime by feedback control of the running current and as result of changing the current it generates harmonics in the supply [1]. Small Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) For high power units, UPS is used. The aim is to make the power supply load look like a resistive load so that the input current appears sinusoidal and in phase with the applied voltage as a result of that UPS is a source of harmonics [1]. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) The harmonic current spectrum is produced in CFL. These lamps are being widely used to replace filament bulbs in domestic properties and especially in hotels where serious harmonic problems are suddenly becoming common [1]. 2.5.3 Power Electronics Devices Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) Majority of companies use modem electronic units like SMPS. The advantage to the equipment manufacturer is that the size, cost and weight is significantly reduced and the power unit can be made in almost any required form factor. But its disadvantage is that, rather than drawing continuous current from the supply, the power supply unit draws pulses of current which contain large amounts of third and higher harmonics and significant high frequency components [1]. Figure 2.2 Switched Mode Power Supplies (DC-to-DC Converter) 6-Pulse Thyrister Rectifier Variable speed controllers, UPS units and DC converters in general are usually based on the three-phase bridge. The six pulse bridge produces harmonics as 6n (- or +) 1. As we increase Pulse Bridge, harmonics will be less [11]. 2.6 Mitigation Techniques There are many ways to reduce harmonics, ranging from variable frequency drive designs to the addition of auxiliary equipment. The primary methods used today to reduce harmonics are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 12-Pulse Converter In this configuration, the front end of the bridge rectifier circuit uses twelve diodes instead of six. The advantages are the elimination of the 5th and 7th harmonics to a higher order where the 11th and 13th become the predominate harmonics. This will minimize the magnitude of harmonics, but will not eliminate them. The disadvantages are cost and construction, which also requires either a Delta-Delta and Delta-Wye transformer, Zig-Zag transformer or an autotransformer to accomplish the 30 ° phase shifting necessary for proper operation. This configuration also affects the overall drive system efficiency rating because of the voltage drop associated with the transformer configuration requirement. Transformers Transformers have reactance and resistance which makes it represent the majority of the impedance found in lines feeding non-linear loads. Reactive impedance increases directly with frequency, naturally attenuating harmonics by reducing available current at higher frequencies. This technique is commonly used in reducing the current distortion of electric motor drives in industrial applications. Delta-Delta connected transformers for some drives and Delta-Wye connected transformers for the remaining drives are used in order to trap the triple-n harmonics. This will lead into current distortion reduction [7]. Line Reactors This method consists of connecting a line reactance in series with the harmonic source at which the reactance will reduce the harmonic current. However, the line reactance method has different advantages and disadvantages as shown in the Table 2.l[12]. Advantages Disadvantages Low Cost Harmonics reduction is insignificant Available in different values Dynamic characteristics depend on the line capacity Small power losses At very low load conditions it may damage the line due to high harmonic currents Table 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Line Reactors The amount of harmonic that can be reduced is a function of the impendence of the line reactor the higher the line impendence the higher the reduction in harmonics. Active Filters Active harmonic filters uses power electronic devices in order produce harmonic current components that cancel the harmonic current components that are produced by the nonlinear loads. The active harmonic filter is configured based on a pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverter that interfaces to the system through a system interface filter. The active filter configuration that is shown in Figure 2.6 is referred as a parallel active filter as the filter is connected in parallel with the nonlinear load that is compensated. Figure 2.6 show the concept of the current cancelation so that the current being supplied from the source is sinusoidal. The voltage source inverter is used in the active filter in order to control the harmonics. This inverter uses dc capacitors as the supply and can switch at high frequencies to generate a signal that can cancel the harmonics produced by the non-linear loads. The voltage distortion is reduced because the harmonic currents that flow through the source impedance are reduced [13]. http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0019057811001133-gr1.jpg Passive Filters Passive filters consist of capacitor, inductor and a resistor connected in parallel to a nonlinear load. Passive filters will provide a low impedance path for the harmonic current therefore will inject them to ground. Passive filters can be tuned to absorb one type of harmonic current or several types as shown in the Figure 2.7 [14]. Figure 2.7 Passive Tuned Filters: (a) Single Tuned (b) Double Tuned Another important feature of the passive filters is that they can improve the power factor since they have a capacitance in their construction. Moreover, filters can be specified according to the connection type into two main groups, the series connection and parallel. The filters power losses depends on the material used so the lower the losses the higher the cost of the filter so after all its a trade of between the power losses and the filter cost [15]. In conclusion, many techniques by which harmonics can be mitigated from the system but always there are some advantages and disadvantages for each technology which makes it appropriate for some applications and not for others. Moreover, the decision of using which mitigation technique depends mostly on the cost, reliability and power losses. Always important to keep in mind that theoretical calculation and assumptions for the type/size of mitigation technique does not always match with the practical findings due to some voltage disturbance and phase unbalancing. 2.7 Harmonic Evaluation and Measurements 2.7.1 Introduction Evaluating harmonic system is a very important step in the analysis and design process. In order to evaluate the harmonics sources we should follow some standards that are set by IEEE as they have specified some guidelines and limits that we should follow. Following those guidelines will be helpful during measurements and understanding the devices used. 2.7.2 Harmonics Limits There are many standards which have been set by many organizations (national/international) in order to improve the quality of service provided and to protect the customers from all different effect of disturbances that may occurs in electrical systems. For this project we will discuss the limits specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2.7.3 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) According to IEEE 519-1992 standards the total voltage distortion and the total current distortion limits should be within the specified limits as shown in Table 3.1 and Table [2]: Table 3.1 Total Voltage Distortion Limits According to IEEE 519-1992 Table 2.7 Total Current Distortion Limits According to IEEE 519-1992 SCR is the ratio of the maximum short circuit current to the maximum fundamental frequency load current at the point of common coupling (PCC)[]. 2.7.4 Harmonics Evaluation Harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads can interact with the utility power supply. This interaction often gives a rise to voltage and current harmonic distortion observed in many places in the system. Therefore, to limit both voltage and current harmonic distortion, as seen in the limits set by the IEEE standard 519-1992 in order to limit the harmonic current injection from the end users to make the harmonic voltage levels on the overall power system acceptable [8]. The two most common used indices measuring the harmonic waveform are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Total Demand Distortion (TDD) Since there are two parties involved in limiting the total harmonic distortion which are divided between the utility and the customers, the evaluation is divided into two parts which are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Measurements of the currents that are being injected by the loads à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Calculations of the frequency response of the system impedance The total harmonic distortion (THD) is a measure of the effective value of the harmonic components of a distorted waveform relative to the fundamental. In order to calculate the total harmonic distortion for the voltage or current Equation (1) or (2) are used [1]: (1) (2) The total demand distortion (TDD) is expressed in terms of the maximum demand load current. TDD can be calculated using Equation (3) [1]: (3) In computing the short circuit level at the point of common coupling the normal system condition that will result in minimum short circuit level will be taken into consideration as it causes the most severe impact to the system. The short circuit current can be calculated using Equation (3.3) [8]: Where MVA and kV represent the three-phase short-circuit capacity in megavolt amperes and the line-to-line voltage at the point of common coupling in kV, respectively. The load current should be evaluated in order to determine the short circuit ratio Equation (3.4) can be used to calculate the load current [8]: 3.6 How to Evaluate Compliance Harmonic currents produced by nonlinear loads can interact adversely with the utility supply system. The interaction often gives rise to voltage harmonic distortion and current harmonic distortion observed in many places in the power system. Therefore, it is required to identify the point of common coupling (PCC) in order to have a more accurate measurement and evaluation. For industrial and commercial end users, the PCC is usually at the primary side of a service transformer that supplies the facility as shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2.